Kev ua kom huv ntawm xab npum yog vim qhov kev ua ntawm sodium ntsev ntawm cov roj fatty acids ntau dua. Cov ntsev ntsev no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob ntu: ib feem yog pawg polar hydrophilic -COONa, uas yog dej-soluble, thaum lwm qhov yog cov tsis-polar hydrophobic chain hydrocarbon pawg -R, uas yog hydrophobic thiab lipophilic. Thaum ntxhua khaub ncaws, hydrophobic saw ib feem ntawm cov xab npum molecule dissolves rau hauv cov roj stains, thaum lub hydrophilic carboxyl pawg txuas mus rau hauv dej nyob ib ncig ntawm cov roj stains. Cov roj stains yog ib puag ncig los ntawm xab npum molecules, tsim emulsions ruaj khov. Los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab agitation thiab yaug nrog dej, cov roj stains thiab lwm yam av yog detached, dispersed mus rau hauv me me emulsion droplets, thiab tshem tawm los ntawm kev ntxuav tawm nrog dej.
Thaum cov xab npum yog yaj hauv dej, ntawm cov dej saum npoo av, cov hydrophilic carboxyl pawg ntawm xab npum molecules nyiam nkag mus rau hauv cov dej molecules, thaum lub hydrophobic hydrocarbon saw pawg yog repelled thiab taw qhia sab nraum dej, tsim ib qho kev qhia ntawm xab npum molecules. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm sodium ntsev ntawm cov roj fatty acids tsis muaj zog ua rau lub zog txaus nyiam ntawm cov dej molecules ntawm cov dej saum npoo av, yog li cov xab npum tuaj yeem txo qhov nro ntawm cov dej, ua rau nws muaj surfactant.
Thaum lub concentration ntawm xab npum nyob rau hauv dej yog tsawg, xab npum molecules muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug monomeric daim ntawv, nrog rau cov molecules aggregation ntawm dej nto - cov hydrophilic pawg nkag mus rau hauv dej, thiab cov hydrophobic pab pawg neeg raug repelled sab nraum dej. Raws li cov xab npum concentration nyob rau hauv dej maj mam nce, tus naj npawb ntawm xab npum molecules sib sau ua ke ntawm cov dej saum npoo av nce, tsim ib txheej monomolecular. Raws li cov xab npum concentration tseem nce ntxiv, txij li cov dej saum npoo twb tau nyob lawm, cov kab mob hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains nyob rau hauv cov xab npum molecules hauv cov tshuaj aqueous pib sib sau ua ke vim van der Waals rog, thaum cov hydrophilic carboxyl pawg qhwv ncig sab nraud, tsim. colloidal-sized aggregated particles hu ua micelles.
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