Cov xab npum tuaj yeem yog acidic, alkaline, lossis nruab nrab. Feem ntau, xab npum siv rau ntxhua khaub ncaws yog alkaline. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm xab npum yog sodium fatty acid, lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog acid ntsev. Nws siv ntau dua ntawm hydroxide ions hauv cov tshuaj alkaline kom tshem tawm cov roj stains, vim tias hydrogen ions hauv cov kua qaub tsis tuaj yeem ua rau cov roj stains zoo. Cov alkalinity tuaj yeem ua pov thawj siv pH ntawv, ntshav litmus tov, lossis tsis muaj xim phenolphthalein tov. Cov xab npum yog ib yam khoom siv niaj hnub uas ua los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
Soap yog ib lo lus dav dav rau fatty acid hlau ntsev. Cov pa roj carbon suav ntawm cov roj ntsha hauv cov xab npum niaj hnub feem ntau yog li ntawm 10 txog 18, nrog rau cov hlau tseem ceeb yog sodium lossis potassium alkali hlau. Cov tshuaj xab npum tshwj xeeb kuj tau tsim los siv ammonia thiab qee cov organic hauv paus xws li ethanolamine lossis triethanolamine. Cov xab npum suav nrog xab npum ntxhua khaub ncaws, xab npum tshuaj tsw qab, xab npum hlau, xab npum ua kua, thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam xws li fatty acids, hardened oils, glycerin, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Yellow River Basin, tib neeg siv xab npum txiv ntoo rau ntxhua khaub ncaws, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Yangtze River Basin, tsis muaj xab npum txiv ntoo ntoo. Tom qab ntawd, lwm hom ntoo tau pom tias nws cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov txiv ntoo xab npum tab sis tuab dua. Yog li, nws tau muab lub npe hu ua "soap fruit." Txawm nyob rau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no, thaum cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tau tsim, tib neeg txuas ntxiv siv lub npe "xiav" rau cov khoom no.
Cov xab npum muaj ntau yam siv. Sib nrug los ntawm kev ntxuav tes txhua hnub thiab ntxhua khaub ncaws, nws tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam textile. Sodium ntsev ntau dua fatty acids feem ntau yog siv, hu ua xab npum nyuaj. Potassium ntsev yog hu ua xab npum mos, feem ntau siv rau zawv plaub hau thiab shaving lub hom phiaj. Nws cov ntsev ammonium feem ntau yog siv los ua cov nplaum nplaum nplaum. Cov dej xab npum tuaj yeem siv los ntxuav muv stings lossis kab tom, muab tshuaj tua kab mob. Yog tias nkawm khau nruj dhau thiab tiv thaiv pob taws puas tsuaj, xab npum tuaj yeem siv rau pob taws.
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